Newtonian
Gravitation
Convention teaches that gravity is a force that attracts. In actual fact, while Newton preferred not to commit himself (for more than one reason) the indications are that he considered the force of gravitation to be one that pushes. Further, he made it quite clear that he did not consider gravitation to be innate to matter but preferred to attribute it to a discrete, independent, particle. It is possible to extrapolate considerable detail from this and derive an insipient quantum mechanism. In deed, George Louis Le Sage did just this. But it was left to Ricardo Carezani, in the mid 1990's to develop this hypothesis into a Working Quantim Model For Universal Gravitation. This result is of unprecedented, qualitative and quantitative, accuracy.
Newton's Law Of Universal Gravitation describes the rate at which two bodies gravitate towards each other with a force directly proportional to the product of the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Convention says that gravity is inherent to matter and that the two objects (m1 & m2) attract each other. However, Newton's opinion was less committal, as we see from his 4 letters to Cambridge University theologian Dr Richard Bentley.
"You sometimes speak of gravity as essential and inherent to matter. Pray do not ascribe that notion to me, for the cause of gravity is what I do not pretend to know and would therefore take more time to consider of it."
There was no shortage of adversaries who would have readily taken a pejorative view given the chance. In fact, Newton wrote the third edition of Principia Mathematica in Latin, in order to thwart some of the lesser critics. Newton was not one to base hypothesis upon hypothesis and worked within criteria he thought constituted a good scientific modus operandi.
We are certainly not to relinquish the evidence of experiments for the sake of dreams and vain fictions of own devising.
Principia Mathematica, Rules Of Reasoning In Philosophy. Rule 3.
However, by the same token of empirical logic, Newton could not ignore the fact that there had to be a mechanism for gravitation and he did take one step towards attributing a cause. He postulated the existence of a particle he called a fluxion. This at least allowed him to develop the mathematics needed to calculate the rate of flux, the fluent, as he dubbed it, for very small forces, such as gravitation. In doing this he produced what we today call calculus. He also had something to say about the nature of gravity beyond that which is stated in his equation.
.... we must, in consequence of this rule, universally allow that all bodies whatsoever are endowed with a principle of mutual gravitation...... Not that I affirm gravity to be essential to bodies.....
Principia Mathematica, Rules Of Reasoning In Philosophy. Rule 3.
...That gravity should be innate, inherent, and essential to matter, so that one body may act upon another at a distance through a vacuum, without the mediation of anything else, by and through which their action and force may be conveyed from one to another, is to me so great an absurdity that I believe no man who has in philosophical matters a competent faculty of thinking can ever fall into it.
Newton makes it quite clear, he would find our conventional view of gravity to be absurd and notional. As far as he is concerned the Earth has no gravity. Today's conventional view of gravity lacks a mechanism and continues to ignore that fact that you can't have something in a vacuum. By postulating the fluxion, Newton dispels the notion of outer space as a vacuum and the absurdity of matter emiting gravity into infinity.
An analysis of the fluxion reveals even more. It suggests that it is a force that pushes - as sand thrown at a ball makes the ball move. This is in stark contrast to convention, which says gravity attracts. Also, Newton found gravitation to be instantaneous, ostensibly at least. He knew this could not be taken literally, no more than a person can be in two places at the same time. Thus, the fluxion has to move at tremendous speeds - far faster than light. These particles also had to be small enough to pass straight through matter yet at the same time create a force.
This
mechanism is nothing less than an incipient quantum model. But it was
left to George Louis Le Sage, a contemporary, writing shortly after Newton's
death to formulate and publish the above. Le Sage's particle is called
the Ultramundane Corpuscle. But as the name suggests it was considered
just too out-of-this-world for a post Newtonian world where empiricism
was the order of the day. Despite being championed by De Broglie, and
to some extent Pioncare and Majorana, there is no documented breakthrough
using this hypothesis until the mid 1990's, when it was taken up by contemporary
physicist Ricardo Carezani. AD has developed the Newton-Le Sage line of
corpuscular thinking by factoring mass increase, due to Fluxion/Ultramundane
Corpuscle/graviton absorption, into Newton's Law Of Universal Gravitation.
The equation remains unchanged for any given instance, however, Autodynamics
postulates that m1 and m2 actually get heavier as time elapses. This simple
step is nothing less than a new paradigm in gravitation. It can explain
by mechanism the Pioneer Anomaly, Receding
Moon, Allais Anomaly and Binary
Star precession , perihelion advance
and all orbital motion.
FC
Letters
to Dr Richard Bentley, (10 December 1692 , 17 January, 11 February, 14
March,1693):
Carezani R, et al, 1999. Autodynamics (A fundamental Basis For
A New Relativistic Mechanics) SAA.
Mathew RE, 2002, Pushing Gravity New Perspectives On Le Sages's
Theory Of Gravitation. Apeiron.
Newton I,
1768, (Trans Motte A, 2002), The Principia, Prometheus
Books.