Time Dilation 2-8 Time Dilation So-called time dilation in SR is a major preoccupation for physicists and students alike and stimulant for imagination. An important consequence of SR is that the duration of time interval between two events depends on the frame of reference in which the events are observed. This time interval is interpreted as time dilation, even though no one has ever explained the genesis of this change in the interpretation. In Newtonian terms, this possibility is categorically denied. He wrote: “Absolute, true, and mathematical time, of itself, and from its own nature, flows equally and without regard to anything external and by another name is called duration.” AD is conceptually different from Classic Mechanics and SR. In AD, there is “time interval,” not “time dilation.” Time is what a phenomenon spends to happen. It is Newton duration, although it is different since it depends on velocity. Since AD does not have “two frames” in relative motion, the Lorentz coefficient in the Carezani equations plays only the role of a coefficient. (See A19). To completely understand the AD concept of time, and what role it plays with the Lorentz coefficient, it is necessary thoroughly study two different topics: The Atomic Clock, and Time Dilation in Muon Decay, Appendix A9. 2-9 The Light Velocity Problem (c). The problem of c is rooted in three centuries of experimentation and speculation starting with the wave nature of light including refraction by Huygen (1629-1695), reflection by Young (1773-1829), and supported by the special nature of light in the Maxwell equations (1831-1879) and in the Lorentz (1853-1928) transformation. All these conceptions lead to the creation of “ether”, one of the most marvelous and miraculous substances ever conceived by the human intellect. Something was necessary to carry light waves. A pure transparent material, ether had to have the most fantastic rigidity known to man in order to transmit vibrations as rapid as 10^19 cycle per second while at the same time possessing the most negligible density. It was in fact, the perfect continuum. “Perhaps, by knowing our motion through such a perfect material, we could come to understand it a little better.” This was the mentality of the time. Michelson (1852-1931) and Morley (1838-1923), using the Michelson interferometer conceive such an experiment, attempting to measure the Earth’s spinning motion and orbital motion around the Sun. The experiment yielded a negative result in the sense that was impossible to measure the “ether wind” or any change in the light velocity that seemed to be constant, independent of the direction of motion with respect to the ether. “Ether” was not found. As a result of this experiment the second postulate of relativity took its place (See section 1-5-2), in the new SR conception of systems in relative motion. 2-9-1 The problem of c. Ether disappeared, but the constancy of c and its apparent “specialness” created a new fantasy: The SR systems in Relative Motion. From an AD point of view, c is nothing special: It is the velocity of light in a vacuum. If there is something special about c, it is that it is the coefficient discovered by Einstein that is applied to the rest mass of a particle converted into energy. And what is most important is that the values are experimentally confirmed. As it will be shown later, this is probably an historical point of view, since in AD this velocity may be surpassed in other superluminic phenomenon. c itself has no special significance within SR’s and AD’s equations. Of course, it is special in the sense that its finite velocity supplies the relativity between the Observer and the Observed. If C is really larger than today’s known value of c, the quantity of energy that one can get from a particle’s rest mass simply increases. (See Appendix 11, on Particle Propellant). From the AD point of view a “new kind” of energy is possible to get from any particle’s rest mass. (Gravitational Energy. See E4) 2-9-2 The Superluminic Velocity. (See also A37.-) Apparently there are many physical reasons to expect superluminic velocity.[1] Quantum Mechanics - and especially the modern experimental evidence involving electrons and photons- describes phenomena where the transmission of information with a velocity larger than the light velocity c is a required condition to explain the phenomenon. The phenomenon of gravity with his action-at-a-distance seems also to involve a velocity larger than c but not infinite.[2] [3] U. J. Balis, working with AD concepts in gravitation, from the Cosmology point of view, arrived at the conclusion that the Pico-Graviton, from the Carezani’s Universal Gravitation (See E4), is traveling in vacuum at a velocity (2.36) (e = Base of natural logarithms, p = constant of absorption between 0 an 1) that give a value around 27 times c. Carezani, working empirically also found a value of 27 times c, which yields a reasonable energy per cubic centimeter in the form of gravitational energy in the vacuum of space, which coincides with the dark matter apparently needed for today’s Cosmology. Scientifically speaking, the equation and conception of the Universe will change, because the Friedmann equation is not longer valid. (See E4-7) 2-9-3 Creation of Superluminic Speed. Applying the AD principle of energy absorption-mass decay, it may be possible to argue that[4] increasing the energy of photons at light speed, could create a particle that decays yielding superluminic photons. [1] .- This subject will be opportunely exposed later from the cosmological and astronomical point of view and from experimental results. [2] .- The Newton gravitational field is transmitted at “infinite velocity,” that is related to an Absolute System of Coordinate, as it is shown in A19. [3].-Added to this Book’s third edition. This was definitely solved by Carezani showing that gravitation is a-temporal, that is to say, gravitation has not velocity. The Pico-graviton has velocity but Gravitation has not. See A39.- [4] .- To see tunneling effect (A21.- Footnote 2) from where is take the idea of internal energy transmits to the photon.